1. Paulsson (2005) – “Models of stochastic gene expression”
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1571064505000138 Nice pedagogical review of the master equation framework – covers the conceptual foundations and different analytical approaches.
2. Shahrezaei & Swain (2008) – “Analytical distributions for stochastic gene expression”
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18988743/
This one derives the exact analytical solutions to the master equation for protein/mRNA distributions.
The Paulsson paper is probably better as a tutorial.
However, it’s a bit difficult to connect to protein & mRNA.