https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computer-science/cryptography/modern-crypt/v/euler-s-totient-function-phi-function
Also, Euler phi function
Euler’s totient function (video) | Khan Academy
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The Greatest Wealth Transfer in History Is Here, With Familiar (Rich) Winners – The New York Times
January 27, 2024https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/14/business/economy/wealth-generations.html QT:{{”
“I have right now in my stock portfolio, some stock that my wife’s father, who died a long time ago, bought in the 1970s — that investment has gone from a few thousand dollars to many hundreds of thousands of dollars,” Mr. Pearl noted. “I’ve never paid a penny of taxes on all that, and I may not ever, because I might not sell and then my kids are going to have millions of dollars in income that’s never taxed in any way, shape or form.”
Mr. Pearl noted that people with only a couple of million can use “securities-based loans,” borrowing low-cost funds from banks using the value of a given investment portfolio as collateral. “You just loan yourself money,” he explained, and in many if not most cases, the portfolio’s rate of return exceeds the rate of interest on the loan. “}}
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