https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/4/11/gsas-renamed-ken-griffin/
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April 30, 2023Standard deviation in Excel: functions and formula examples
April 30, 2023https://www.ablebits.com/office-addins-blog/calculate-standard-deviation-excel/
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Sample standard deviation vs. Population standard deviation
In relation to standard deviation, you may often hear the terms “sample” and “population”, which refer to the completeness of the data you are working with. The main difference is as follows:
Population includes all of the elements from a data set.
Sample is a subset of data that includes one or more elements from the population.
Researchers and analysists operate on the standard deviation of a sample and population in different situations. For example, when summarizing the exam scores of a class of students, a teacher will use the population standard deviation. Statisticians calculating the national SAT average score would use a sample standard deviation because they are presented with the data from a sample only, not from the entire population.
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Excel STDEV.S function
STDEV.S(number1,[number2],…) is an improved version of STDEV, introduced in Excel 2010.
Like STDEV, the STDEV.S function calculates the sample standard deviation of a set of values based on the classic sample standard deviation formula discussed in the previous section.
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April 30, 2023Interest Rate Parity (IRP) Definition, Formula, and Example
April 30, 2023QT:{{”
Forward Exchange Rate
An understanding of forward rates is fundamental to IRP, especially as it pertains to arbitrage. Forward exchange rates for currencies are exchange rates at a future point in time, as opposed to spot exchange rates, which are current rates. Forward rates are available from banks and currency dealers for periods ranging from less than a week to as far out as five years and more. As with spot currency quotations, forwards are quoted with a bid-ask spread.
The difference between the forward rate and spot rate is known as swap points. If this difference (forward rate minus spot rate) is positive, it is known as a forward premium; a negative difference is termed a forward discount.
A currency with lower interest rates will trade at a forward premium in relation to a currency with a higher interest rate. For example, the U.S. dollar typically trades at a forward premium against the Canadian dollar. Conversely, the Canadian dollar trades at a forward discount versus the U.S. dollar.
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