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Eating fewer calories can ward off ageing
December 11, 2023https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2023/09/25/eating-fewer-calories-can-ward-off-ageing
QT:{{”
Take the mtorc1 pathway. The complex of proteins which gives it its name first came to attention because an immune suppressant called rapamycin has a strong effect on it: hence “mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1”. That gives no real clue, however, to the fact that the signalling pathway in which mtorc1 sits is a complex set of controls and feedbacks designed to regulate metabolism in response both to the availability of nutrients …
The ambit of this regulatory power is broad; it influences the rate at which cells break down damaged internal structures (“autophagy”), the balance of their protein content (“proteostasis”) and the reproduction of their mitochondria, components responsible for turning the calories it receives into a form of energy its proteins can use. Autophagy, proteostasis and mitochondrial reproduction are three more of the 12 hallmarks of aging.
What is more, rapamycin, the effects of which give mtorc1 its name, turns out to lengthen the lives of lab animals even though it curbs their immune responses. …There is thus a search for “rapalogs” which provide the benefits of a tuned-up mtorc1 pathway without so many costs.
Another pathway which calorie-restriction studies have marked out as promising is named after a protein called ampk (don’t ask). This regulates the production of ATP, a small energy-carrying molecule produced in mitochondria. When atp levels fall, the ampk pathway increases a cell’s sensitivity to insulin.
Metformin, a drug used to treat type-2 diabetes, does so by activating the ampk pathway. Like rapamycin, it extends the lifespans of healthy mice.
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Neurons are not the only brain cells that think | The Economist
September 4, 2023astrocyte
QT:{{”
Autism is one. In 2017 Ishizuka Kanako of the Nagoya Institute of Technology, in Japan, found a link between an increased risk of autism and the presence of a pair of genetic variants known to disrupt, in microglia, the expression of a protein called cx3cr1. And in 2020 Xu Zhixiang of Scripps Research, in San Diego, showed a range of microglial protein-synthesis problems cause autism-like symptoms in mice.
…
Many researchers now talk of “tripartite” synapses as being standard in the brain. Their transistor-like three-element composition has one part (the astrocyte) which acts like a transistor’s “base” connection, regulating the passage of signals between the other two (the neurons, the equivalents of a transistor’s “emitter” and “collector”). Since transistors form the logic gates of computers, that is intriguing. “}}
Conquering Alzheimer’s: a look at the therapies of the future
May 29, 2023https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00954-w
lecanemab is one of the new drugs
A new class of drugs for weight loss could end obesity | The Economist
April 28, 2023https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/03/02/a-new-class-of-drugs-for-weight-loss-could-end-obesity
GLP-1 agonists :
wegovy ozempic mounjaro
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/#:~:text=Glucagon%2Dlike%20peptide%2D1%20agonists,and%20contraindications%20for%20these%20drugs. QT:{{”
Mechanism of Action
Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), both incretin hormones inactivated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), stimulate insulin secretion after an oral glucose load via the incretin effect.[10][11] In type 2 diabetes, this process can become blunted or even be absent; however, the utilization of pharmacological levels of GLP-1 can revive insulin excretion. The benefits of this form of therapy to treat type 2 diabetes include delayed gastric emptying and inhibiting the production of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells if blood sugar levels are high.
“}}
A new class of drugs for weight loss could end obesity | The Economist
April 28, 2023https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/03/02/a-new-class-of-drugs-for-weight-loss-could-end-obesity
GLP-1 agonists :
wegovy ozempic mounjaro
QT:{{”
Mechanism of Action
Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), both incretin hormones inactivated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), stimulate insulin secretion after an oral glucose load via the incretin effect.[10][11] In type 2 diabetes, this process can become blunted or even be absent; however, the utilization of pharmacological levels of GLP-1 can revive insulin excretion. The benefits of this form of therapy to treat type 2 diabetes include delayed gastric emptying and inhibiting the production of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells if blood sugar levels are high.
“}}
Happy Birthday, Omicron – The New York Times
December 3, 2022QT:{{”
But rather than a single lineage, it has exploded into hundreds, each with resistance to our immune defenses and its own alphanumeric name, like XBB, BQ.1.1 and CH.1.
“}}
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/26/science/omicron-birthday-variant-evolution.html
AT4G25530(FWA)
September 24, 2022Epigenetic inheritance at the agouti locus in the mouse | Nature Genetics
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